Pediatric Radiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Pediatric Radiography - Essay Example This poses a challenge in pediatric radiographic investigations. Obtaining quality radiographs on pediatric patients can be a challenge. Minimizing radiation dose in pediatric imaging is a crucial issue that has been emphasized and reemphasized in recent years1. Diagnostic radiation overexposure can cause radiation skin reaction and acute radiation sickness. It can also lead to systemic reactions that may lead to disturbances of normal functional processes, such as, radiation pneumonitis. It is known to have carcinogenic effects and genetic effects2. However, it is also to be considered that the dose required to produce genetic or carcinogenic effects are virtually precluded by modern radiographic apparatus and special techniques used in imaging the patients of this age group. Although carcinogenic effects have not been demonstrated from the doses of radiation received with pediatric diagnostic radiography, children with chronic diseases who need repeated radiographic examinations, this is quite a possibility, although remote. However, there is a need to justify the safety requirements and deploy the technical measures to ensure safety in these patients. Currently, these are directed towards reduction of radiation exposure in such patients3 . ... These are justification of any particular radiographic examination by carefully considering the pros and cons of the test which involves adjustment of risk-benefit analysis. A proper training of the radiographers in handling the children can also reduce exposure considerably. Proper protection of the patient in the unexposed areas could also help. Specific Diseases Caused by Diagnostic Radiation Exposure Although the benefits of diagnostic ionizing radiation are immense and exceed the risks involved, cumulative exposure can cause increased cancers especially in the pediatric age group. By definition, ionizing radiation contains enough energy to displace electrons and break chemical bonds. X-rays are electromagnetic radiations and consist of photons that can traverse relatively large distances in tissue without interaction. They, however, can indirectly ionize cell molecular components through transfer of energy4. In 1989, Hoffman and colleagues reported a doubling in the incidence of breast cancers in a pilot study of 1030 women who had been repeatedly exposed to diagnostic radiations for evaluation of scoliosis in their childhood and adolescence5. Ronckers and others explored these results further in a US cohort study with a larger sample size, including cases of scoliosis diagnosed before age 20. The average number of examinations per patient was accounted to be 24.7 and the mean c umulated dose to the breast was 0.11 Gy, and mean age of diagnosis of scoliosis was 10.6 years. With a radiographic followup continuing over an average of 40.1 years, it was concluded that this magnitude of exposures has resulted in increased incidence of breast cancers in these groups6. This proves that there is an increased risk of incidence of breast cancers with

Public Health Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public Health - Research Paper Example Public health also alleviates human suffering, and is practiced by a variety of professionals in the field. As a field of study, I have gained vast knowledge on public health, including all the aspects of public health, and policy and practice. Therefore, this has prepared me to undertake practical tasks in the field, where I will perform effectively, considering the amount and quality of knowledge I have gathered in this course. Through learning this course, I have realized that there are many challenges that face public health today. Therefore, as a professional and leader in this field, I have to contribute to the development of solutions to the challenges. Therefore, learning this course has increased my understanding of the complex challenges, which professionals in the field of public health are faced with. Times have changed, and so have the challenges in Public Health. These are evolving, and becoming more complex. Three major factors are responsible for the changing the natu re of health threats today. These include demographic transition, which occur because of urbanization and ageing, epidemiological transitions, and compromised physiology. In addition, financial insufficiencies have hindered the effective implementation of most public health initiatives. Furthermore, it is challenging for public health practitioners to achieve the desired influence in society, since the main ethos of public health; prevention, is undervalued in society, basing on its invisible benefits. Communication is another major challenge in public health, as the field is highly involved in the education of the public. Finally, because of globalization, public health professionals are expected to adopt a global thinking by local action (Pomerleau & McKee, 2005). Therefore, the aspect of intercultural communication is core to public health, and professionals in this field. Like other any workplace, the field of public health also faces considerable issues at the workplace. These vary in nature, and might involve the company itself or its employees. Therefore, as a leader, it is important to develop strategies that can help in addressing the emerging complex issues. There are various strategies, which managers at the workplace can employ to address workplace issues. The most important strategy is for managers to develop an open-door policy for employees. In this case, employees will consider the manager approachable, thus will feel free to report any pressing issue they experience. Secondly, it is important for a manager to address problems or issues immediately they occur, instead of leaving them unaddressed. Furthermore, fairness at the workplace is of great importance. The culture of fairness helps to prevent major problems, which would have occurred at the workplace. Above all, communication is key, therefore, managers should foster effective communication with employees, as this helps to cut down on difficult situations. In order to increase efficiency at the workplace, as a manager, I must push for the adoption of effective information technology. Today, the technology is highly advanced, and has increased efficiency and performance of tasks. Therefore, present public health managers have a role of ensuring that new technology is adopted at the workplace.  

Implementation of the Carlson SAN Approach Essay

Implementation of the Carlson SAN Approach - Essay Example The figure illustrates that with the SAN approach storage devices are connected which makes them the protection of data more efficiently than before. SAN is a devoted network that transmits I/O traffic to the server and the storage devices and hence is termed as â€Å"network behind the servers†. Moreover, the applicability of SAN would enable a strong universal connectivity within storage to assist in clustering technology to derive the best output. Also, SAN can deliver disk and tape competence in more servers. SAN eliminates any limit regarding the access of the storing data in the individual server (Walder, 2013).   SAN central data facility was required by Carlson to enjoy a safer environment and high data protection of the data of the organization. Upholding consolidated data on a SAN central data facility is relevant as it protects data and enhances the speed for the benefit of the organization regarding the storage of the relevant data. Besides, file sharing can be done in a convenient manner with safety and without risk of security everywhere in the world. In addition, it improves the mobility and data control facility to a greater level of efficiency. The SAN central data facility is more cost-effective as it enables to store the data in several computers and it also facilitates as a backup data. Furthermore, the SAN central data is reliable and provides the scalable facility. It is also easy to access and provides quick efficient data sharing activity. On the other hand, the dispersed arrangement that it replaces leads to a time-consuming framework and also involves high maintenance. It requires high cost and is not as fast as the SAN central data facility. The risk associated with the dispersed arrangement is more as it is not fully protected.

Institutional Framework of Federal Acquisitions Research Paper

Institutional Framework of Federal Acquisitions - Research Paper Example risk in case of unpredictability of the market prices since the burden of the extra cost will be shouldered by him and not the other contracting party but also in case of a reduction in the price, the contractor will be on the benefitting end. This therefore provides the incentive for the contractor to do the planning work not only efficiently but effectively as well observing time and being accountable for each and everything as there is fear of bearing loss. The work being contracted on will therefore be completed mostly according to the budget and time (Feldman, 2012). 2. Discuss the importance of cost reimbursement contracts in creating effective, efficient and accountable acquisition planning. Support your discussion with FAR regulations. This type of contract is important to use in case the prices or the cost of what is to be acquired is uncertain. It therefore protects both parties (the contractor and the contacting party) from risks of price increase and therefore rendering t he planning useless in the process or slowing down the project. The benefactor in this type of contract is the contractor as he is reimbursed all the costs he incurs the way specified in the contract unless they exceed the agreed upon price â€Å"These contracts establish an estimate of total costs for the purpose of obligating funds and establishing a ceiling that the contractor may not exceed†¦( General Services Administration, Department of Defense, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2005)† This therefore provides a motivator and an incentive for the contractor to seek only the best of the materials and hence making the planning process and the final product effective. The contractor is also accountable for each and everything since there is reimbursement to be made. The contract type also requires justification on the part of the contractor for the decisions and materials included in the planning â€Å"the contracting officer shall document the rationale for selecting the contract type in the written acquisition plan and ensure the plan is approved and signed at least one level above the contracting officer† and the final work and hence making this a very efficient and effective type of contract to be entered into by especially non-profit organizations which often have financial and time constraints and pressure of accountability to the last cent. 3. Discuss the importance of time and material contracts in creating effective, efficient and accountable acquisition planning. Support your discussion with FAR regulations. This type of contract as stipulated in clause 16.601 is one of the most cost-effective, efficient and with the highest rate of accountability for both the contractor and his officers and also for the contracting party. This is so because it avoids any wastage of time or money and materials through uncertain estimates and no party for this matter may have to bear the loss of increase in the ceiling when planning. This is so because in this contract, the contractor is paid once the work is completed and according to

Events Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Events - Essay Example Often the military or the paramedics would step in and, with the aid of volunteers, deal with the situation on an ad-hoc basis. But the disorganized and unsystematic nature of these efforts would lead to less than satisfactory response to the event. It is only in recent decades that organized and exclusive government agencies were set up to prevent and manage unexpected emergencies. It is with the formation of FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) in 1979 that the nation had a separate government body for tackling emergencies. Prior to that, even in the three decades following the Second World War, the approach to emergency events was piecemeal and loosely coordinated. But, despite empowering FEMA with necessary discretionary powers during crisis situations, as well as providing it with sufficient funds for garnering resources, the agency has not lived up to expectations. In more than three decades of FEMA’s existence, the nation has seen a fair share of natural disasters . But often FEMA has been found wanting in its competence and execution of prediction, prevention and relief operations. Two events in particular stand out as great lessons for the agency - Hurricane Andrew of 1992 and Hurricane Katrina of 2005. These two events exposed the state of emergency management in the United States. They played a significant role in shaping the field of Emergency Management subsequent to the event. Remedial measures were taken to restructure related agencies and personnel teams based on the failures experienced during the two events. Hurricane Andrew hit the South Eastern coast of the United States (in particular the states of Florida and Louisiana) in August of 1992. Powerful gale storms above the speed of 170 miles per hour caused havoc in the region. It uprooted hundreds of trees, threw astray public facilities, disrupted telecommunication, made public transportation unviable and most importantly, displaced tens of thousands of people from their homes. I n the aftermath of the hurricane, a quarter of a million citizens were left homeless. Their houses were either destroyed by the hurricane or left inundated by flooding. FEMA was criticized from all angles for failing to anticipate the intensity of the hurricane as well as being able to evacuate vulnerable communities to safer places in advance. It eventually took the arrival of battalions of soldiers from the National Guard to partially bring the situation under control. The National Academy of Public Administration prepared a detailed report on the event titled ‘Coping with Catastrophe’. This report outlined various shortcomings of FEMA and the manner in which it went about its designated work. One of the outcomes of this inquiry is the creation of the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate. Yet, these adjustments would prove to be inadequate, as the disasters surrounding Hurricane Katrina of 2005 would show. Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast region of the United States in August 2005. FEMA’s anticipation of the onset of the hurricane was fairly accurate, and it positioned response personnel in the vulnerable regions ahead of time. But where FEMA erred is in not empowering the personnel with resources and direct access to the affected population. The inadequacy of the response personnel was proven by the fact that within three days of the onset of the Hurricane, the National Guard troops were once again pressed into service. New Orleans

How Information Give You Competitive Advantage Essay Example for Free

How Information Give You Competitive Advantage Essay Importance of information value chain for a competitive business venture The Information Value Chain (IVC) is a concept developed by Sebastian Schwolow and Mikkel Jungfalk Andersen focusing on information, management, organisation and communication. Information is abundant and need to be filtered, managed for truly use as valuable information which is scarce, costs time and money. Effective management of information can reduce these costs and result in a true competitive advantage Producing, maintaining and nurturing valuable information requires a structured approach such as Information Value Chain. IVC involves defining information Requirement, Acquisition, Processing and Distribution with the secondary support of HR, IT infrastructure, Knowledge Management and Information Governance to convert abundant information for valuable information for use or decision making. How IVC Gives Competitive Advantage An important concept that highlights the role of IVC in competition is the â€Å"value chain† by Michael E. Porter. This concept divides a company’s activities into the technologically and economically distinct activities it performs to do business. We call these as â€Å"value activities.† A business is profitable if the value it creates exceeds the cost of performing the value activities. To gain competitive advantage over its rivals, a company must either perform these activities at a lower cost or perform them in a way that leads to differentiation to charge premium price. (Porters Generic theory of Differentiation, Cost Leadership, Focus Strategy) Porters Value Chain Analysis (VCA) helps to identify sources of Sustainable Competitive Advantages (SCA) for a company over its competition by looking at the value activities in a broader perspective. Porter Identified a set of interrelated generic activities common to a firm namely Inbound Logistic, Operations, Ou tbound Logistics, Marketing Sales and Service which facilitated by support activities such as Procurement, IT, HR and Infrastructure. IVC helps to identify the sources of SCA in each Value activities in Porters VCA. By focusing each Primary Value Activities in the Porters Value Chain. How well you identify, Acquire, Process and Distribute your information with proper Information Governance and Knowledge Management under each Value Activities such as Inbound Logistic, Operations, Outbound Logistics, Marketing Sales and Service, against the competition will give you the sources of competitive advantage in much broader sense.

Analysing The Chemistry Of Coke Chemistry Essay

Analysing The Chemistry Of Coke Chemistry Essay Coke is the most popular carbonated soft drink. Generally there is Phosphoric acid in all fizzy drinks including cokes. The Phosphoric acid is infused as an active ingredient in coke to provide the tangy flavour. There is variety of different types of cokes. For example diet coke which contains less sugar and calories than original coke, vanilla coke which has vanilla flavour and zero coke which contains no sugar at all. Nowadays it is getting issued that phosphoric acid can damage humans teeth or bone health even with minimal exposure. Investigation of finding out the amount of phosphoric acid in each three different cokes; original, zero and vanilla coke by titration is done for consumers to let them know that amount of phosphoric acid is not changed depends the types of the cokes. Introduction Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is an active ingredient that contributes the tangy taste in the coke. The acid is fairly weak but, more drinks, the more acid human body has to neutralize. For that the body uses calcium from the bones which reduce the bone strength. (AdlersbergJay, 2010) To analyse the phosphoric acid in cokes, the acid/base titration method has been brought. Acid/bas titration is required to determine the unknown concentration of a known reactant. It is performed by dropping the known solution in the burette into the unknown solution in the beaker which has been added a few drops of the indicator or simply using the pH Meter. (KennanMark) The indicator is a liquid that makes the colour change of the solution when it is neutralized. Different indicators are used for different pH levels and they have different colour changes. (Acid-Base Chemistry) Indicator pH Range Color Change Thymol blue 1.2 2.8 red à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ yellow Methyl red 4.4 6.2 red à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ yellow Litmus 5 8 red à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ blue Bromothymol blue 6.2 7.6 yellow à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ blue Phenolphthalein 8.0 10.0 colorless à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ pink The experiment is performed based on the hypothesis, the amount of phosphoric acid in each different types of cokes are different as they are not the same type of the coke. Main Body Aim The aim of the experiment is to analyse a commercial sample of three different types of cokes and determine the mass of phosphoric acid in the samples using volumetric analysis; acid/base titration. Hypothesis If the types of the coke are different then the quantity of phosphoric acid in cokes will differ to each other because each types of coke contain variety of ingredients in different amounts. Materials Balance 50ml beaker 20ml pipette 25ml pipette 50ml burette 250ml volumetric flask 100ml volumetric flask 250ml conical flask Spatula Label sticker Small glass funnel Burette stand and clamp White tile Distilled water Phenolphthalein indicator KHSO4 Approx 0.1M NaOH solution Coca-Cola (original, zero, vanilla) Method Standard KHSO4 Solution Approximately 3g of KHSO4 was measured and put into a clean 50ml beaker. For dissolving the KHSO4, Transferred KHSO4 and distilled water to 250ml volumetric flask and filled the flask with distilled water. Put the stopper and mixed the contents of the flask well. Then calculated number of moles and concentration of KHSO4 and recorded them. Standardising the NaOH solution Pour the 0.1M of NaOH into the burette and made sure that the initial volume exactly 0.00ml. Next, poured the standard KHSO4 solution measured with 20ml pipette into conical flask and added 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Then, the NaOH was slowly dropped into the flask until the KHSO4 solution turned slightly pale pink which tells its end-point and recorded the NaOH volume used. Repeated standardising twice and recorded them as well. After that, calculation of the molarity of NaOH was done by using the average of the three volume measurements. Analysis of Coke Before starting the analysis of the cokes, original coke, zero coke and vanilla coke had been left for approximately 32 hours in the beakers with no lids on, to make sure there was no carbonic acid in them. This was because that coke doesnt only contain phosphoric acid but carbonic acid which makes the drinks fizzy. Put cokes measured by Pipette 20ml in to 100ml volumetric flasks. Then made 20% diluted coke by filling the flask to the 100ml mark with distilled water. Put the stoppers on them and shake the each solution. Labelled the each flask. Pipette 25ml of each three 20% diluted coke solution to clean 250ml conical flasks and added 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator to each samples in flasks. After that, titrating NaOH solution was performed into the coke samples and recorded the required NaOH volumes for the samples. Again, the steps were repeated twice for each sample. Lastly, the molarity of phosphoric acid in the 20% coke solutions and the mass of phosphoric acid present in commercial undiluted cokes were calculated. Results Standard KHSO4 solution Mass of KHSO4 used: 3.2g Standardising the NaOH solution V(KHSO4) = 20ml Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 NaOH Volume used 20.4ml 19.8ml 19.8ml Average volume: (20.4+19.8+19.8)/3 = 20ml Analysis of Coke Volume of 20% original/zero/vanilla coke used = 25ml Trial 1 Trial 2 Original 0.7ml 0.8ml Zero 0.8ml 0.8ml Vanilla 0.7ml 0.9ml Average volume: Original: (0.7+0.8)/2 = 0.75ml Zero: (0.8+0.8)/2 = 0.8ml Vanilla: (0.7+0.9)/2 = 0.8ml Discussion Analysis of results The experiment was performed in three parts to titrate the cokes. The first part was for making standard KHSO4 solution. 3.2g of KHSO4 was used to make the solution and that made the concentration of KHSO4 solution 0.0938M which is nearly 0.1 M. Molar mass of KHSO4: 39.1+1+32.1+(161) = 136.2g/mol Moles of KHSO4: m/M = 3.2/136.2 = 0.0235 moles Concentration of KHSO4: n/V = 0.0235/0.250 = 0.0938M (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 0.1M) The second part was for standardising the 0.1 M NaOH solutions. It was performed three times and the average volume of NaOH used was applied in the calculation of concentration of NaOH by using the concentration formula, C1V1=C2V2. The calculation below shows the concentration of NaOH was 0.0938 M. Concentration of NaOH: (CKHSO4VKHSO4)/VNaOH = (0.093820)/20 = 0.0938M Lastly the third part was for analysis of cokes. Titrating three different types of coke by NaOH solution was performed in this part. The result showed that NaOH solution has been used 0.75ml for original coke and 0.8ml for zero and vanilla coke. The volume used differences between the three cokes were not that big. However these little differences affected the final result. Concentration calculation was brought to determine the concentration of 20% coke solutions and undiluted coke. After the molarity of undiluted coke (phosphoric acid), it was able to calculate the mass of phosphoric acid in 1L of undiluted coke solutions. Concentration of 20% coke solutions (phosphoric acid): (CNaOHVNaOH)/Vcoke Original: (0.0938 x 0.75)/25 = 0.002814M Zero: (0.0938 x 0.8)/25 = 0.003002M Vanilla: (0.0938 x 0.8)/25 = 0.003002M Concentration of the undiluted coke (phosphoric acid) Original: 0.001814 x 5 = 0.00912M Zero: 0.003002 x 5 = 0.01501M Vanilla: 0.003002 x 5 = 0.01501M Mass of phosphoric acid in 1L of undiluted coke solutions (Molar mass of phosphoric acid (H3PO4): (13)+31+(164) = 98g/mol) Original: 0.00912 x 98 = 0.89376g/1000ml Zero: 0.01501 x 98 = 1.47098g/1000ml Vanilla: 0.01501 x 98 = 1.47098g/1000ml Throughout the titration in third part of experiment, the amount of phosphoric acid in 1L of undiluted original coke, zero coke and vanilla coke have been calculated. The result came out fairly different to the hypothesis of this experiment. Contrary to the expectation, titration results of three cokes were not that different. According to the result, there is approximately 0.89376g of phosphoric acid in original coke and 1.47098g of phosphoric acid in zero and vanilla coke. The original coke has 0.57722g less phosphoric acid than others. Therefore the original coke has less phosphoric acid and zero and vanilla coke contain 0.57722g more phosphoric acid. Error analysis The major error was occurred during the titration. Because the colour of the cokes was too dark to see the colour change to pink, it was needed to be diluted so the coke solutions were 20% diluted with distilled water. However, even if it was able to see the colour change, the colour of the diluted coke was still dark that it was hardly seen the solutions changing of pale pink, end-point. The result was supposed to show their phosphoric acid contents were same but it was not. It is assumed that the titration was not accurate enough because of the dark colour of cokes and that is because there was 0.05ml of NaOH less volume used in original coke. Conclusion The purpose of the experiment was to find out the most phosphoric acid contained coke since it was guessed that different types of coke would contain unlike quantity of acid to each other. So the method of acid/base titration has been invited to figure out the amount of phosphoric acid in each different types of coke; original coke, zero coke and vanilla coke. For the titration, standard KHSO4 solution and standardising the NaOH solution were required. Throughout all the records and calculation, it was able to determine the quantity of phosphoric acid in each types of coke. Different to the prediction, fairly similar amounts of phosphoric acid were contained in the cokes. It is shown through that original coke is bit healthier than other two types of coke as it has 0.57722g less phosphoric acid it but as the difference is not that outstand, it is determined that generally constant amount of phosphoric acid are irrespective of the types of the coke.